Aa8ZdHH $ d    dFootnote TableFootnote**. . / - esammy7 ]' ^FGTOCHeadingH# Wildcardsabc*xyzHalFGcdchmodcpcshrcGdatecompdbxdirname drwxrwxrwxegetcfilenameg+rhwlmloginelsmkdirmvogoutfilepathname pathnamespwdrmrmdirFrwrwxrtaxcompHusrswildcardxrxyz HF mat    =-   en !<$lastpagenum>Re<$monthname> <$daynum>, <$year>e"<$monthnum>/<$daynum>/<$shortyear>;<$monthname> <$daynum>, <$year> <$hour>:<$minute00> <$ampm>"<$monthnum>/<$daynum>/<$shortyear><$monthname> <$daynum>, <$year>"<$monthnum>/<$daynum>/<$shortyear>d <$fullfilename>  <$filename>  <$paratext[Title]>  <$paratext[Heading]>  <$curpagenum>  <$marker1> <$marker2> (Continued)Pagepage<$pagenum>Heading & Page <$paratext> on page<$pagenum>See Heading & Page%See <$paratext> on page<$pagenum>.G Table & Page7Table<$paranumonly>, <$paratext>, on page<$pagenum>a+ (Sheet <$tblsheetnum> of <$tblsheetcount>)a wwPkrxxPlyyPaszzPi{{QmA||QA}}P~~P QAQA@NJJ$laJ>ReI$moI<$dJ$yeJ"Im>/I/<$O>J$moI<$dN$yeIr>:I0> IMthnLnumMyeaLMme>L>, MLthnLnumMyeaLLenaL Le>L$paLtleMLt[HL MpagL  MkerL M>L(CoMLPaM<$pLL & IparLn pLenuLSeL & L <L> L$pa== PaL<$Lly>LtexLageLm>aL(ShLsheL <$LounMLMwPkLMLyUUzPiULAL|ML}Pudduw|dvJ}IH$ wxu JH$ moUU`N eHz xwyu Hz LUU`,  H$ yxzu H$  LUU` LHz zy{u LHz  UU`L oHH{z|u $pHHL`Se HH|{u HH<$L` LH$ }~v LH$ UU`L H ~}v H LUUhPPage 4 of  4  ??~v ??` dH3K ^ NH RH RFootnoteHqv? ^ HzHz Single Line, H'Footnote UU uHvDf ^ HH Double Line`H  Double Lineu`H  Single LineUUvHZ TableFootnoteUEGX-Rb ^ 4EPoEPo TableFootnoted?? ??K ` EE 5C: UNIX Guide - Winter 1994 no, ^nFiles contain information (eg text). They are grouped together into things called directories. UNIX :`has a hierarchical (tree like) arrangement of directories. Figure 1 is a diagram of a possible Hrarrangement of directories. The top directory is called the root directory and it is always named /. To Vename a directory you give a list of the names of the directories you pass through on a path from the dfroot directory to the directory being named. This is called a path name. For example, the path name rwof the circled directory called programs is:  /usrs/sam/programs. The symbol / is being used for two 4jdifferent things. It names the root directory and it is also used as a punctuation to separate directory inames. (That is unfortunate, but you will have to learn to live with such things.) To name a file, you nthgive a path name to the directory containing the file followed by a / and the name of the program. For a xexample, if a file called datecomp is in the directory programs circled in Figure 1, then its path name enH T0is:  /usrs/sam/programs/datecomp.  or  neFiles and directories can be thought of as belonging to the same tree like structure. Then the path patfname can be determined in the same way for directories and files. In Figure 1, the circled directory  thprograms contains four things: old, new, taxcomp and datecomp. taxcomp and datecomp are files wo@5while old and new are directories. d3 s fDirectories and files are seldom referred to by complete path names. Usually they are referred to by A worelative path names. A relative path name is one that does not start with /. In a relative path name, it le Ocis assumed that you start in the directory you are currently in and follow a path from there. For n t]rohexample, if you are in the circled directory then old/taxcomp will name the file circled in the cokndirectory old. The complete path name for that same file is: /usrs/sam/programs/old/taxcomp ybwhich explains why you usually want to use relative path names. Complete path names (also called @kabsolute path names) mean the same thing in any directory, but relative path names are much shorter. DpTR U 6 d &&r/.~@B S 6 ie~@J~@Jrbined u?$y heyu?$$tie p @B 6 t  @J @Jpetcame?$med?$ou@B RF 6 om@J@Jusrs?$irled?$ $-Q.Th?-e f-d/xc-?ch -Qseel-)?namQ$abQcame@f RF 6 iv@n@nhsam. c$pc$U@f  6 @n@nsallyc$rc$Q$Qc$?@ -L 6 et@@programs?u-usl@ #O 6 irl@l@ lettersc?c?~u6u~HQ$@ S 6 @@old$$h@ $ 6 @@new$$H u     `,Figure 1 - Example UNIX Directory Structure $-$ $ 'KA Z '&'&root directoryKv ZirlH$-dc`d?? ??$`#cp file1 file2 $ Copies the contents of file1 into file2. If file2 does not exist then it is created. If file2 does $_exist then the old contents are lost (overwritten). This command can be used with relative or 2@absolute pathnames. L`#mv file1 file2 pleZ ruyMove file1 to file2. This is essentially a rename operation. There will no longer be a file1 hiafter executing this command. If file2 exists, it will be overwritten (lost) by the contents of v@Jfile1. This command can be used with relative or absolute pathnames. `rm filename  lDeletes the file filename. If filename does not exist you will get an error message. This @9command can be used with relative or absolute pathnames. `rm -r dirname  ildDeletes the directory dirname recursively (i.e., remove the directory and all its files and osubdirectories). This command is similar to rmdir except that it will delete directories that @hnfare not empty. It can be used with relative or absolute pathnames. USE THIS COMMAND @WITH CAUTION. ` oOchmod <who><+ or -><what> filename xec& . ZChanges a files access permissions. A files access permissions can be viewed using the 4Thmcommand ls -l. Each file will have 10 characters printed out specifying its access codes:  The De]first character specifies whether or not the item is a directory. A d will be printed for aadirectories and a - will be printed for items that are not directories. The next 9 characters  trepresent read, write, and execute permission for each of three sets of users: the first 3 anfcharacters are the access privileges for you (the user), the next 3 characters are the access eprivileges for the group (for the EE5C class this is everyone in the class), and the final 3 Ujcharacters specify the access privileges for everyone else (others). In each case, the character me(r for read, w for write, and x for execute) denotes that the permission is granted and a - @.indicates that the permission is not granted.   cewExample: -rwxr-xr-- filename : This specifies that the item filename is not a directory, the e pauser (owner) has read, write, and execute permission, the group has read and execute %epermission but not write permission, and others (everyone else) have read permission but not e3@fiwrite or execute permission. hD`ccTo change a files (or directorys) permissions use chmod <who><+ or -><what> filename. r U`s r<who> can be u for user, g for group, and/or o for other. f`rsh<+ or -> : + means add the privilege and - means remove the privilege. riw`n<what> is any combination of r (for read), w (for write) and x (for execute). ` gLThere are no spaces in <who><+ or -><what>. TwPleTctc =* 6 uscc, drwxrwxrwxj,Q mcmc }\Z=7$ 6 ot\ZEe\ZEeuserer},Q rm}S,Q io;;c}oe@ peise;q@~=7 6 ~Ee~Ee group=7~ 6 EeEeotherg@@">@@`!+<$ ~>-ri$=7~ 6s 8@*&),8<@b@(fo$=7+K 6 Th$Ee$Ee directoryd>?? T?? `rw&Example: chmod og-rw secrets  ^Changes the permissions so that neither the group nor the general public can read or write to '@the file secrets. A`more filename O`@MShows the contents of the file called filename one screen at a time. `` z` clear `Clears the current screen. Ee`@,cc {options} filename.c @ mcc is the C compiler. 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